In parallel with the expansion of cyberspace, cyber warfare has also expanded as a tool for exerting power against various countries. The imposition of legal restrictions on them has become inevitable. In the realm of international criminal law, imposing limitations of the laws of war on cyberattacks, which differ from conventional warfare, faces challenges. Because the regulations governing the laws of war and war crimes has been formulated to align with conventional warfare. Yet disruptive cyberattacks on critical infrastructure are a type of cyberwarfare that, without causing physical effects similar to conventional wars and solely through non-physical impacts on a country's vital infrastructure, are considered capable of producing consequences more severe than those of conventional wars. Employing a descriptive-analytical method and gathering materials through a library-based approach, this study addresses its central question whether under the existing framework of the Rome Statute, disruptive cyberattacks on critical infrastructure could constitute war crimes particularly Article 8 on war crimes. Ultimately, it holds the view that by adopting a dynamic interpretation of the concept of 'intensity' under existing regulations, it can be affirmed the possibility of cyber conflict and war crimes via  severe disruptions to critical infrastructure. However, this approach will face challenges when dealing with critical infrastructure with dual-use.

Introduction: 21st century is the era of cities’ vulnerability, since as urban life becomes more complex, cities face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand and social-security crises on the other. Urban safety and security have long been a focus of urban planning, and planners have always been concerned about this important issue in the process of building and designing urban areas. Improving the security of critical infrastructures can play a key role in provision of better services and reduction of vulnerabilities, especially in times of crisis, Moreover, reducing the vulnerability of urban land uses by new crisis management approaches such as passive defense, which is one of the most important goals of urban managers can play a role in creation of a safe environment in cities and mitigationof damages. Materials & Methods: The present research is theoretical-practical and descriptive-analytic in nature. For data analysis, the final weights of indices were determined using FAHP-GIS and then the neighborhood of each layer was identifiedusing the Distance tool. Afterwards, maps of the interval zoneswere overlapped usingFuzzy Overlay(gamma-0. 9)of the Spatial Analyst Tools. Results & Discussion: The findings of the present study on spatial analysis of critical infrastructure have indicated that: (A)The 2nd district of Yasujfaces the highest risk level, while the 3rd district faces the lowest level of risks. High concentration of critical infrastructures in the 2nd district and improper distribution of these infrastructures and organizations providing emergency servicesare the most important causes of risks in the city of Yasuj. B) None of the studied critical infrastructures and organizations providing emergency services in Yasuj are located in the very low risk zone. C) Only about 31% of the studied critical land uses are located in the low Risk zone. D) Spatial analysis of critical infrastructures in Yasuj has shown the lack of a logical balance in spatial distribution of these infrastructures. Therefore, ifa possible emergency situation damages a part of the city (the 2nd district as considered in the present study), the activities of many sectors will be challengeddue to the synergy and interoperability of the infrastructure. Conclusion: The Results: show that 11 land uses or 45. 83% of infrastructures with percent value of 0. 19-0. 1 are located in the high risk zone; 6 land uses or 25% of infrastructures with percent value of 0. 20-0. 39 are located in the relatively dangerous zone; 5 land uses or 20. 83% of infrastructures with percent value of 0. 40-0. 59 are located in the medium risk zone, and finally, 2 land uses or 8. 33% of the infrastructures with percent value of 0. 60-0. 79 are located in the low risk zone. None of the land uses in Yasuj are located inthe very low risk zone.

In recent years, cyber attacks on the critical infrastructures of countries have increased significantly. The types of critical infrastructure and their dependencies based on national requirements are different from one country to another. Disruption in the mission or services of a critical infrastructure has a cascading effect on other infrastructures and causes them serious problems. In different studies, different approaches have been taken to model these dependencies, the important point is not to generalize those models to other countries due to the national requirements of each country. In this research, by forming 11 focus groups consisting of top and middle managers of each infrastructure area, the network analysis method based on the DEMATEL technique was used, and the most influential and influential critical infrastructure from a cyber perspective on other critical infrastructures was identified and the relationship between the infrastructure Critical issues and their prioritization were determined from a cyber perspective. The results of this research can be useful in the design of the national warning sharing system in order to calculate the national situational awareness in the cyber field and other researches based on the dependence of critical infrastructures.

The pattern of war has been changed in ever more deadly ways as modern and intelligent weapons and more destructive specifications have been taken recently. The potential enemies are trying to attack the important centers and destroy critical infrastructures at the local or national level in new wars. The main purpose of this study is to identify the major infrastructures assets which are located in a geographical areas that could be affected by any incident and also have inherent specification of high attractiveness for the enemies and the proposed model is very different with the classification issue of vital, sensitive, and Important of the passive defense organization. The five main criteria includes; (1) passive defense considerations, (2) surrounding environment of infrastructure, (3) fundamental specifications of infrastructure, (4) attack consequences, and (5) dependency The score and weight are assigned to each criterion in which those values show the importance of a structure in the desired rank. A higher score means there is higher attack potential by enemies. It should be noted, in order to analyze the data and research outputs, the inferential statistical analysis was performed. Initially, by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, similarities between the weights of experts were analyzed and 22 criteria based on the similarity of answers were confirmed. Finally, by using principal component analysis (PCA), the important criteria of secondary in each of the main criteria were determined.

Cyber law has become a fundamental pillar of national security and the protection of critical infrastructures in the digital age. A central question in this domain is how legal and regulatory frameworks can address hybrid cyber attacks that simultaneously target technical, human, and economic aspects of critical systems. The importance of studying this issue stems from the potentially widespread destructive impacts of such attacks on national security, economy, and society, and the existing legal gaps complicating effective response. This article aims to identify the legal and regulatory challenges in countering hybrid cyber attacks against critical infrastructures and to propose mechanisms for improving governance frameworks. The research method is descriptive–analytical and based on documentary analysis, including the review of national and international laws, cybersecurity reports, and case studies of recent attacks. The findings indicate that major challenges include the lack of a harmonized legal framework, limitations in international cooperation, the complexity of defining hybrid attacks, and weaknesses in oversight and preventive capacities. Furthermore, the article presents innovative legal and policy solutions to enhance the protection of critical infrastructures against hybrid cyber threats. The results can inform the development of proactive policies and comprehensive cyber law regulations at national and regional levels, shedding light on new dimensions of governance and responses to complex cyber threats.

'Post-truth' has become a buzzword for numerous current crises: the fragmentation of the media landscape, the ongoing debate about 'fake news', the loss of trust in science, etc. Although these crises take place in society, it is claimed that the roots of post-truth can be traced back to the history of philosophy. Occasionally, it is asserted that Karl Popper's critical rationalism gave rise to post-truth: His rejection of verificationism has limited truth claims in the realm of science. Given the absence of infallible evidence and certainty, critical rationalism calls for challenging scientific authority. I argue that post-truth is compatible with critical rationalism from an epistemological point of view, considering that both positions are critical of certainty. However, in critical rationalism, fallibilism, responsibility, and the idea of criticism are combined, and in this respect, it offers a possible way to overcome the problems that are associated with post-truth. This treatment of the problems of post-truth results from the recognition of moral responsibility to take action on the basis of a hypothesis that remains open to revision.

The aim of this paper is to consider whether critical rationalism has any ideas which could usefully be applied to the internet.  Today we tend to take the internet for granted and it is easy to forget that it was only about two decades ago that it began to be used to any significant extent. Accordingly in section 1 of the paper, there is a brief consideration of the history of the internet.  At first sight this makes it looks implausible that any of Popper’s ideas could be applicable to the internet, since Popper died before the internet came into general use.  However, section 2 argues that Popper’s theory of World 3 does apply very well to the internet.  This application is significant because, as shown in section 3, it leads to the problem of misinformation, which is one of the most significant problems generated by the internet.  In section 4 there is an attempt to solve this problem using ideas taken from Popper’s epistemology. It is argued that there should be changes in education designed to prepare students for the internet age. Teaching in the internet age should focus on presenting to the students not just the accepted theories but also the evidence on which they are based. An illustration of how this might be done is given by considering an example from science teaching, namely the teaching of Newtonian mechanics in the last years of school or first years of university.

In this paper, I address the issue of the possible applicability of the ideas of Karl R. Popper’s social and political philosophy in the contemporary political life of postcolonial countries. Through reference to the reception of Popper’s philosophy in Central and Eastern Europe, I argue that Popper’s writings were effective in catalysing the political wholesale transformation by undermining Marxists’ pretensions to scientific status rather than through his anti-utopian and anti-revolutionary political recommendations. In the context of attempts to apply Popper’s ideas in postcolonial countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, I claim that the influence of Popper’s social thought on the politics of those countries may not be as effective as expected or desired.

With the advancement of mankind in the information age and the advent of the digital information age, dependence on national infrastructure has become more important than ever. Lack of cyber security in infrastructure, disrupts the functioning of various sectors such as government, economy and services. By disrupting critical infrastructure, irreparable damage may occur in areas such as human casualties, economic damage, and loss of public confidence. Thus, information technology and cyber security have a special place in the digital arena. Accordingly, one of the most important challenges of different countries today, which can also harm national security, is cyber-attacks. This study explores to provide a cyber security maturity model for critical infrastructure. This study examines and analyzes five crucial models of cyber security maturity. The research shows that the cybersecurity maturity models are significantly similar to each other. By comparative study and comparison between the analyzed models, 48 indicators were obtained. Examination of these indicators shows that some of them overlap with other indicators. Therefore overlapping indices were classified into 16 groups based on frequency. Then, these groups by clustering analysis method and according to the obtained data, using SPSS software were organized in five levels, based on which the cyber security maturity model for critical infrastructure was presented.

Since Critical Rationalism is considered by some more of an attitude or mindset and by others a methodological approach to philosophical thinking and practical problem-solving, its application, or more accurately, its epistemological testing grounds, should be expected to be much more wide-ranging than they have been so far. With the exception of some published anthologies on Critical Rationalism and occasional nods to the legacy of Karl Popper’s falsificationist methodology, relatively few applicaions of a critical rational approach to contemporary theoretical debates in the social sciences have been published. I wish here to critically challenge the (optimistic) Hegelian and by extension the neoliberal view of the progress of American capitalism by reframing it with the Marxian notion of expropriation as applied to enslavement on plantations. The logic of enslavement as a process by which brutal exploitation has been practiced for centuries offers a falsifying test case of the rationality of capitalism and its promise of individual freedom of choice. This essay is an explicit exercise in the potential power of a version of Popperian critical rationalism being applied to the intersection of modern liberalism and capitalism, exploring the imbrication of a critical and rational analysis.